MEDICINAL BIOCHEMISTRY

SYLLABUS OF FIRST YEAR PHARM D (RGUHS)

MEDICINAL BIOCHEMISTRY

CHAPTER-13

 Introduction to biochemistry 

    Cell and its biochemical organization, 

    Transport process across the cell membranes. 

    Energy rich compounds:(their biological significance.)

             ATP, 

            Cyclic AMP 

Enzymes

    Definition

    Nomenclature-IUB classification

    Factor affecting enzyme activity

    Enzyme action

    Enzyme inhibition. 

    Isoenzymes and their therapeutic and diagnostic applications; 

    Coenzymes and their biochemical role and deficiency diseases.

Carbohydrate metabolism

    Glycolysis, 

    Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), 

    HMP shunt Pathway,

    Glycogenolysis, 

    Gluconeogenesis, 

    Glycogenesis.

    Metabolic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes mellitus and glycogen storage diseases);

    Glucose Tolerance test and their significance.

    Galactose tolerance test and their significance; 

    Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. 

Lipid metabolism

   Oxidation of saturated (β-oxidation); 

   Ketogenesis 

   Ketolysis

   Biosynthesis of fatty acids, 

   Biosynthesis of lipids;

   Metabolism of cholesterol; 

   Hormonal regulation of lipid metabolism. 

   Defective metabolism of lipids (Atheroslerosis, fatty liver, hypercholesterolemia). 

Biological oxidation

   Coenzyme system involved in Biological oxidation. 

   Electron transport chain (its mechanism in energy capture; regulation and inhibition)

   Uncouplers of ETC

  Oxidative phosphorylation

Protein and amino acid metabolism

    Protein turn over

    Nitrogen balance

    Catabolism of Amino acids (Transamination, deamination & decarboxylation). 

    Urea cycle and its metabolic disorders

    Production of bile pigments

    Hyperbilirubinemia, 

    Porphoria,

    Jaundice.

    Metabolic disorder of Amino acids. 

Nucleic acid metabolism

     Metabolism of purine nucleotides

     Metabolism of  pyrimidine nucleotides

     Protein synthesis

     Genetic code;    

      Inhibition of protein synthesis; 

      Mutation and repair mechanism; 

      DNA replication (semiconservative /onion peel models) 

     DNA repair mechanism. 

Introduction to clinical chemistry

     Cell's composition

     Cell's Malfunction

     Role of the clinical chemistry laboratory.

The kidney function tests

     Role of kidney

     Laboratory tests for normal function includes 

        a) Urine analysis (macroscopic and physical examination, quantitative and semiquantitative tests.)

       b) Test for NPN constituents.

            (Creatinine /urea clearance, determination of blood and urine creatinine, urea and uric acid) 

       c) Urine concentration test 

      d) Urinary tract calculi. (stones) 

Liver function tests

     Physiological role of liver, metabolic, storage, excretory, protective, circulatory functions and function in blood coagulation. 

         a) Test for hepatic dysfunction-Bile pigments metabolism. 

         b) Test for hepatic function test- Serum bilirubin, urine bilirubin, and urine urobilinogen. 

         c) Dye tests of excretory function.

        d) Tests based upon abnormalities of serum proteins. 

     Selected enzyme tests. 

Lipid profile tests

    Lipoproteins, composition, functions. 

    Determination of serum lipids, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. 

Immunochemical techniques 

    Determination of hormone levels and protein levels in serum for endocrine diseases and infectious diseases. 

    Radio Immuno Assay (RIA) 

    Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) 

Electrolytes

     Body water, compartments, water balance, and electrolyte distrubution. 

     Determination of sodium, calcium potassium, chlorides, bicarbonates in the body fluids.